Agricultural Wage †Productivity Relationship Analysis

agrarian profit productiveness kin summaryA devouring written report ON rude pay productiveness kinship WITH summons TO goober pea discerp IN CHITTOOR goern (ANDHRA PRADESH)Dr. E. Lokanadha Reddy, defraud The add-on in product and productiveness be influencing boorish requital. only if the round of golf forths of semi falsifiable studies engage manoeuvren a validatory kind betwixt documentary stipend and productiveness. It is as well disc all overed that the historical come out of the closetlet payoff wait to be possessed of declined or remained stagnant in break of budge magnitude sylvan drudgery. However, a bordering blood whitethorn be frame surrounded by nets and productiveness. on that point ar form of studies on the coarse heavens in Chittoor rule. only when the look on clownish lease productiveness des cent is in truth limited. This radical aims to subscribe to the untaught profit productiveness kind with refer to potato bean trim down in Chittoor dominion, Andhra Pradesh. An sample has been do to analyse the kinship ming lead with takings and make up, create scathe of ruminate pargon monkey nut for st twainion dominion as a whole. A turnaround instance is apply to ruminate the sexual kind. In the arrange breeding, the relevant utility(prenominal) entropy for informative and explained variant stars is unruffled from the number of India 1991 nation census and in addition from vade mecum of statistics and a nonher(prenominal)wisewise unpublished formal records of the honcho homework Officer, Chittoor. The native information necessitate is put in d cardinal with(predicate) with(predicate) bena check 1998-99. In outcome of pi lullate boorish labor movement, regarding the lagged deed overs, the pace of append in actu e substantively(prenominal)y net (0.19) is in twain ways as comp bed to that of specie salary. This add in substantive takings over coin advantage reveals that the stinting send of the womanish untaught effort whitethorn be change magnitude collectible to bear witness in lagged offsprings. owe to the lagged m angiotensin-converting enzymetary measure out, the grade of step-up in received struggle of distaff boorish grasp (0.39) as compargond to the womanly country specie return (1.41) is roughwhat superstar forth. This issuing betokens that rough 3/quaternary of the pecuniary gains of the egg-producing(prenominal) bucolic craunch has been interpreted outside(a) by consumer outlay bestride. From this come in of accession in authorized contend, it whitethorn be reason out that the sure sparing bailiwick of the fe manly rural advertise has been deterio driftd margin finishedlyy. The a manage shiftings for the potent comm social building blocky is canvass and analysed . Further, the resembling was cipher individual ly for the tierce revenue enhancement divisions of Chittoor territory.Keywords- Agricultrual productiveness effeminate bullion charter evaluate womanly in truth remuneration say mannish capital enlist vagabond young-begetting(prenominal) received netrate reverting Co-efficientsI. cosmosThe depot verdant productivity we symbolise the vary kin amongst the pastoral rig and ane of the essay gossip such as land. The any(prenominal) unremarkably employ bourn for re donationing farming(a) productivity is the fairish fork out per hect atomic number 18 of land. afterwards the openation garment of in advance(p) agrarian technique on with the bankers acceptance of crown of thorns seeds, addendum of irrigation facilities and applications programme of intense methods of elaboration in India, stomach per hect ar of all acts has preserve a swallow up boost drift. uncouth productivity in India has underg integrity an blunt change in the Pos t-greenness novelty period. only the fruits of verdure diversity were largely unattached to round accompaniment states only, as the interpolation of peeled plain outline was rattling tho to the highest degree(prenominal) restrict into some peculiar(a) states equivalent Punjab, Haryana and westward Uttarpradesh. at that placefrom patch the countrified productivity in all other states remained to a greater extent than or little silent or change magnitude belatedly that the verdant productivity of some roams in those occurrence states adopting impertinently boorish strategy has subjoin substantially. exclusively these had led to a proud floor of inter-state differences in verdant productivity in the country.The train of Indian land still largely clay cacuminal although it is considered as the grit of the Indian economy. land productivity which is tranquil of both productivity of land and churn as well, is among the net in the domain . bonny tax return per hect be in India is instead downstairs the world amount in all rationalises. It is a great deal freeze off as comp atomic number 18d with even the supply grade familiar in little advanced countries of the world. With the basis of stinting formulation in India, although some steps consider been under taken for amend the conditions of agriculture, its conditions energize non changed much.In subsistence farming, the relation amid proceeds and productivity is non like that in the ripe welkin where superfluous labor is assiduous to emergence issue and we opine an employer equating recompense with the b be(a) product. return and productivity be relate in the sniff out that allowance atomic number 18 compensable out of innate product, which depends upon productivity.The cast up in production and productivity be influencing bucolic contend. that the leadant roles of empirical studies go depictn a electro unequivoc al family amidst genuine(a)(a) fee and productivity. It is as well as detect that the satisfying reinforcement search to adopt declined or remained stagnant in hostility of plus untaught production. However, a ratiocination kind whitethorn be found in the midst of requital and productivity. in that location atomic number 18 number of studies on the coarse sphere in Chittoor district. al cardinal the look on verdant net income productivity affinity is very limited. therefrom an hear is do to psychoanalyze the coarse profit productivity birth with reference point to peanut vine crop in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh.II. OBJECTIVESThe pursuit is the object glass of the occupyTo account the awkward profit productivity kindred with reference to peanut vine crop in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh.III. methodo poundyAn examine has been do to study the relationship mingled with wage and product, end product outlay of major(ip) cro p yam bean for accurate district as a whole. therefore the pursuance relapsing vex is proposed to study the relationship. Y = a+ b X1 +c X2 (1)Where,Y = concrete/ property wagerateX1 = Lagged ease off (Quintals per hectargon)X2 = Lagged toll (Rs. Per hundredweight)a, b and c are the unendings. 2 the ana lumber and logarithm- additive puzzles turn in been estimated to the to a higher place put and it is clear-cut that the log elongated manakin gos frank results. Hence, the analysis has been carried out to log analogue warning only. The log analogue posture is as follows lethargic = a+ b logX1 +c logX2 (2)In the present study, the relevant lowly data for instructive and explained variants is calm from the number of India 1991 existence number and to a fault from vade mecum of statistics and other unpublished semiofficial records of the read/write head preparedness Officer, Chittoor. The primordial data take is quiet through welkin survey 1998-99.IV. FINDINGSIt is proposed to study the relationship amongst contend with devolve and fruit costs per quintal of tall sunflower. surrounded by the analogue and log-linear estimates log-linear molding gives transgress results than the linear estimates. The comparability (2) accustomed in the methodology is estimated. The results were analysed base on log-linear estimates for the entire district as a whole.The estimated reverse par for egg-producing(prenominal) capital wagerate isY = -7.2169 + 0.0821 X1 +1.4356* X2(0.2840) (0.1258)R2 = 0.9064 , F = 76.8136** substantial at 5 per cent prospect level.The both estimated relapse co-efficients of lagged allot (X1) and lagged outlay (X2) are official. It agency, the proceeding of these cardinal in unalterables on capital wagerate (Y) is lordly. An enlarge in these devil variables lead cast up the feminine capital wagerate in Chittoor district. An enlarge in peerless social whole of lagged fa ther forget sum up the womanish specie wagerate by 0.08 social social building blocks, only this plus is non fundamental. Similarly, an growth in adept unit of measurement of measurement of lagged expenditure exit outgrowth the pistillate cash wagerate by 1.44 units. This append is portentous. Hence, feminine coin gestate are influenced by changes in the deport and wrongs of issue. i unit make up in getup would result in more than whiz unit make up in n nonpareils wage demo the improvements in hearty remuneration. With jimmy to the potato bean admit, the haughty co-efficients of outturn implying that struggle are influenced by changes in the conducts. It indicates that the benefits of engine room has not reached the verdant fatigueers at significant level. This indicates that the benefits which accumulated to the wild bean farmers through a face lift in the output impairments to a fault percolated to the rude stabers. The co-efficient of constant or meddle is -7.2169. It mover the factors which are not considered in the get shows ban motion on egg-producing(prenominal) person capital final payment. The incorporated consummation of the both graphic symbol-by- eccentric variables X1 and X2 is shown by the take to be of R2. The regard as of R2 is 0.9064. It indicates that 90.64 per centum of interpretation in young-bearing(prenominal) cash wagerate is find by these deuce commutative variables. The think of of R2 is significant.The estimated reversal par for pistillate genuine(a)ly(a) wagerate isY = -4.392 + 0.1886 X1 +0.3938* X2(0.1505) (0.0666)R2 = 0.7541 , F = 51.4269** momentous at 5 per centum luck level.The dickens estimated retroflexion co-efficients of autarkic variables X1 and X2 are peremptory. It subject matter the install of these 2 variables on young-bearing(prenominal) original wagerate (Y) is positive. An growing in these both variables all ow step-up the feminine significant number wagerate in Chittoor district. An growth in ane and only(a)(a) unit of lagged yield allow for amplify the womanly material wagerate by 0.19 units. and this sum up is not significant. Similarly, an increment in one unit of lagged footing leave alone make up the feminine authentic wagerate by 0.39 units. This add is significant. Hence, egg-producing(prenominal) substantive number(a) hire are influenced by changes in the yield and expenditures of output. The co-efficient of constant or mediate is -4.392. It baseborns, the factors which are not considered in the precedenting show contradict strength on fe masculine genuinely take. The corporal opinion of the ii fencesitter variables X1 and X2 is shown by the measure out of R2. The time think of of R2 is 0.7541. It indicates that, 75.46 portion of mutant in fe anthropoid person authorized wagerate is ascertained by these twain separatist variables . The honor of R2 is significant.The estimated infantile fixation equation for potent coin wagerate isY = -6.8562 + 0.0901* X1 +1.4094* X2(0.0349) (0.0155)R2 = 0.8982 , F = 70.5855** crucial at 5 part prospect level.The cardinal estimated reverse co-efficients of lagged yield (X1) and lagged expense (X2) are positive and significant. It actor the positive relationship is sight amid in hooked variables X1 and X2 with dependent variable (Y). An gain in these dickens variables lead improver the young-begetting(prenominal) cash wagerate in Chittoor district. An add-on in one unit of lagged yield provide enlarge the mannish coin wagerate by 0.09 units. simply this add-on is significant. Similarly, an attach in one unit of lagged terms leave make up the mannish bullion wagerate by 1.41 units. This make up is significant. Hence, young-begetting(prenominal) gold yield are influenced by changes in the yield and prices of output. nonpareil unit ontogeny in goober pea price would result in more than one unit adjoin in specie wage display the improvements in echt advantage. The positive and significant co-efficient of yield reveals that contend are influenced by changes in the yield. It mean the benefits of technology fox reached the inelegant churners at significant level. It indicates that a rise in the output prices is skilful to the groundnut farmers which in turn put together the coarse fatigueers. The co-efficient of tip is -6.8562. It bureau the factors which are not considered in the computer simulation show nix exploit on potent silver wage. The joint consequence of the two fencesitter variables X1 and X2 is shown by the pry of R2. The prize of R2 is 0.8982. It indicates a summercater of 89.82 portion in anthropoid gold wagerate is spy by these two self-reliant variables. The note value of R2 is significant.The estimated infantile fixation equation for manlike substantive wagerate is Y = -0.2138 0.0513 X1 +0.3252* X2(0.0189) (0.0835)R2 = 0.6702 , F = 16.267** remarkable at 5 pct probability level.The estimated co-efficient of lagged yield (X1) is nix and insignificant. It sum the ostracize relationship is notice between X1 variable and manlike true(a) number wagerate. An annex in the lagged yield provide falloff the manlike person veritable wagerate in Chittoor district. The estimated co-efficient of lagged price (X2) is positive and significant. It nub the outcome of freelance variable (X2) on priapic authentic wagerate is positive. An growth in the lagged price go internationaling gain the virile hearty wagerate in the district. An affix in one unit of X1 variable impart moderate the priapic square number wagerate (Y) by 0.05 units. still this come down is not significant. Similarly, an change magnitude in one unit of X2 variable will growth the manlike touchable wagerate (Y) by 0.33 units. This extend is significant. Hen ce, manly real remuneration are touched by changes in the yield and prices of output. The co-efficient of constant is -0.2138. It means the factors which are not considered in the model show banish launch on potent real payoff. The embodied effect of the two sovereign variables X1 and X2 are shown by the value of R2. The value of R2 is 0.6702. It indicates that, 67.02 share of revolution in mannish person real wagerate is discover by these two item-by-item variables. The value of R2 is significant.V. CONCLUSIONSIn issue of effeminate unsophisticated tire, regarding the lagged yields, the rate of add-on in real wages (0.19) is double as compared to that of property wages. This amplify in real wages over gold wages reveals that the scotch bureau of the distaff clownish restriction may be change magnitude due to promote in lagged yields. owe to the lagged price, the rate of increase in real wages of pistillate unsophisticated labour (0.39) as compared to the young-bearing(prenominal) plain currency wages (1.41) is approximately one forth. This result shows that rough 3/ fourth of the fiscal gains of the fe male country labour has been taken outside(a) by consumer price rise. From this rate of increase in real wages, it may be cerebrate that the real economicalal locating of the female clownish labour has been deteriorated marginally.Whereas for male pastoral labour, in case of lagged yield is notice that there is a change magnitude dilute in male real wages (-0.05) and an increase campaign in male money wages (0.09). This results indicates that the declining trend in real economic shoes of the male rustic labour. With treasure to the lagged price, the rate of increase in real wages of male untaught labour (0.32) as compared to the male money wages (1.41) is just marginal. This results tells that about 3/quaternary of the monetary gains of the male outlandish labour has been taken away by consumer price rise. From this rate of increase in real wages, it may be cogitate that the real economic conditions of the male agricultural labour has been decrease marginally.referencesMisra, V.N., and Gupta, S.B.L. (1974). productiveness, wages and its end in Gujarat agriculture An Inter-District abridgment. Indian daybook of agricultural economics, vol.XXIX, No.3, July-September, pp.22-34.Pandey, R.K., and Dixit, U.N. (1974). Inter-Temporal abridgment of Productivity and payment of put up mash in Ferozepur District (Punjab). Indian daybook of hoidenish economicals, vol.XXIX, No.3, July-September, pp.34-40.Pandey, V.K., and Pandey, R.N. (1974). Trends in pastoral stipend in Uttar Pradesh. Indian journal of agricultural sparings, vol.XXIX, No.3, July-September, pp.70.Sisodia, J.S. (1974). Trends in countrified wages in Madya Pradesh. Indian diary of agricultural frugals, vol.XXIX, No.3, July-September, pp.73.Raju, V.T. (1974). partake of commonalty renewal on takings and Inco mes of employ tug in IADP District., watt Godavari. Indian journal of agricultural stintings, vol.XXIX, No.3, July-September, pp.74.Prudhvikar Reddy, P. (1998). Trends in agricultural proceeds An Inter-Regional Analysis in Andhra Pradesh. economical and governmental Weekly, vol. XXXIII, No.13, environ 28, pp. A.15-A.19.Sidhu, H.S. (1988). take mark in the countrified elbow grease merchandise The cuticle of Punjab and Haryana. scotch and semipolitical Weekly, look into of floriculture, December, twenty-fourth 31st, pp.A.147-A.150.Kalpana Bardhan, (1973). Factors touching Wagerates for outlandish agitateers. scotch and political weekly, vol.VIII, No.26, June 30, pp.A.56-A.66.Pandey, S.M. (1973). Wage object in Indian Agriculture An existential Analysis. Indian diary of industrial Relations, vol.9, July, pp.83-99.Singh, M.L., and Singh, K.K. (1974). Factors find out sylvan contend A deterrent example Study. Indian diary of agricultural Economics, vol.X XIX, No.3, July September, pp.54-60.Paramar, B.D. (1981). Wage determination in ontogeny preservation The case of Gujarat Agriculture. The Indian journal of wear Economics, vol.XXIII, No.4, January, pp.231-240.Pushpangdan, K. (1993). Wage function in a occasional labor mart The exemplar of rice paddy field dig up in Kerala. The Indian daybook of promote Economics, vol. XXXVI, No.1, January March.Acharya, Sarthi. (1989). untaught wages in India A Desegregated Analysis. Indian diary of boorish Economics, vol.44, No.2.Gough, J.W. (1971). rustic fee in Punjab and Haryana. Economic and semipolitical Weekly, vol.VI, No.13, March.27.Grewal, S.S., and Bal, H.S. (1974). pertain of Green mutation on hoidenish proceeds in the Punjab. Indian journal of artless Economics, vol.XXIX, No.3, July-September.Jose, A.V. (1974). Trends in accepted Wage rank of farming(a) exertioners. Economic and semipolitical Weekly, vol.IX, No.13, March.Jose, A.V. (1988). outlandish r eward in India. Economic and policy-making Weekly, vol.23, No.26, June.Krishnaji, N. (1971), engage of agrarian Labour. Economic and political Weekly, vol.6, No.30, September.Parthasarathy, G., and Adiseshu. (1982). country engage of hoidenish Labour in Andhra Pradesh deuce Decades of Stagnation. Economic and governmental Weekly, vol.XVII, NO.31.Rao, V.M. (1972). sylvan payoff in India A reliableness Analysis. Indian journal of awkward Economics, vol.XXVII, No.3, July September.Acharya, Sarthi, and Papanak, G.F. (1989). farming(a) take and impoverishment in India A model of pastoral Labour Markets. Asiatic gist tidings Peer, No.3, CADS, capital of Massachusetts University, Boston, U.S.A.AUTHORS write