Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance - Essay Example standard deviation. GARCH model is used in mathematical finance for evaluating derivative securities. GARCH model works on the assumption that underlying volatility is consistent throughout the life of the derivative and do not respond in the changes of its price (Chance & Brooks, 2009. Ans-1) Six Series Co integrate In order to complete the same, we have to recognize and consider below mentioned table and graph, Â   Oil Gasoil JK Naph LSFO HSFO Mean 41.93075824 49.91961538 51.13502198 41.9046 34.92238 31.07245 Ans-2) Sign of Contagion From the analysis, it is clear that the mean price of JK is the highest as compared to other pricing of oil. The mean price of the crude oil was 41.93, which is comparatively lower than that of other line of services, but it deems extremely beneficial for the company as a whole (Chance & Brooks, 2009. Contingent test has found that the price of JK would remain the same for a long span of time, merely due to low fluctuation in the market. The highest f luctuation among the prices has been found among the prices of oil and Gasoil. By considering the same, it is also analyzed that HSFO has the lowest price provision (average) as compared to other sections. ... Financial markets are those places where organizations and individuals can trade commodities, securities in bulk. Financial markets have both specialized and general markets. In specialized market a single commodity is dealt where as general market trade different commodities (Chance & Brooks, 2009. A number of studies have been conducted over the relationship between crude oil and its impact on financial market in different regions and economies. These economies include both oil dominant and non oil dominant countries. As a result different interpretations were given by various researchers of their analysis conducted (Chance & Brooks, 2009. (Park, 2007) analyzed the impact of oil supply and demand gap and its impact on the real price of crude oil in stock market of U.S. The total impact of oil demand and supply is only on the one fifth of the stock market of U.S. It was found that the crude oil fluctuation in the international market has a greater impact on U.S. stock market (Chance & Brooks, 2009. Istemi Berk & Berna Aydogan investigated the impact made on Turkish stock market returns by the variations created in crude oil price. Vector autoregression model was applied on the secondary data of crude oil prices and National Stock Exchange of Istanbul Index (ISE-100) over 21 years of data between 1990 to 2011. The study also looks into the association between stock market returns and oil prices under global liquidity conditions (Chance & Brooks, 2009. The Turkish stock market was slightly influenced by the local prices and was greatly dependent on the global liquidity conditions (Crude Oil Price Shocks and Stock Returns: Evidence from Turkish Stock Market under Global Liquidity Conditions, 2012). Maghyereh & Al-Kandari

Malaysian Market For Sago Palm

Malaysian Market For Sago Palm In this chapter, we will discuss the background of Malaysia market for sago. The discussion of the market consists of production, consumption, export and price. To understand about sago, we will first briefly discuss on sago palm, sago starch and sago processing. 1.1 Sago Palm Sago palm or Metroxylon sagu is a crop that produces starch for food and non-food processing industries. Sago palm is widely cultivated in Sarawak with more than 60,000 hectare of area recently. Commercial cultivation area for sago palm was increased from 43 hectare in 1988 to 10,700 hectare in 1996 and the remaining was cultivated by smallholders. In year 2000, there are 21 sago processing plants which produced around 60,000 tonne of sago starch. In west Malaysia, sago palm cultivation is too small with only 2 sago processing plant operated in Johor. 1.2 Sago Starch Most of sago starch that been produced in Sarawak is used in west Malaysia (almost 30,000 tonne). Sago also been exported as high quality food grade starch and low quality industry grade starch. Export for food grade starch was increased from 3,600 tonne in 1985 to 11,000 tonne in 1995 while export for industry grade starch was decreased from 8,400 tonne in 1985 to 5,100 tonne in 1995. The major destinations for sago starch export are Japan, Singapore, United Kingdom, Taiwan, Canada, South Korea, New Zealand and Thailand. 1.3 Sago Processing Sago Palm Sago palm took 10 to 15 years to be matured. When sago palm is matured, it will be felt down so that its trunk can be cut. Sago palm has a huge trunk, upright, reaches a height of 10-12 meters, with the contents of the soft and contain high starch content. It is a staple food source for indigenous people in Sabah and Sarawak, including ethnic Bisaya, and Melanau. Sago Log Sago trunk is cut into section with each section is 75 cm to 90 cm long. This section is known as sago log. Every sago trunk yield around 10 to 12 sago log. Then, these sago logs will be tied together in the form of rafts and tugged by boats to sago processing plant through river. Sometimes, these sago logs are carried by lorry to sago processing plant. Processing Sago Starch Processing of sago starch is done in the sago processing plant. In the sago extraction process, the sago logs are first debarked, followed by maceration using a rasper. Newer types of raspers have eliminated the need for debarking. The sago chips resulting from the maceration process are then further disintegrated using a hammer mill. The starch slurry is then passed through a series of centrifugal sieves to remove the coarse fibres. Cyclone separators are then used to extract the starch which is then dried using a rotary vacuum drum drier, followed by hot air drying. 1.4 Malaysia Market for Sago Source: Department of Agriculture, Sarawak. Agricultural Statistics of Sarawak From table 1.4, we can see how the development and the status of sago industries in Malaysia were. The number figure shows inconsistency in the export of sago starch every single year. Thus, it is influenced by the current economic climate. We can see that the figure of the total export of sago starch are not really consistence compared to its price which is going high all the way starting from the year of 1993 until it reaches its highest price in the year 1998. The year after, the figure shows that the price is going down. Even though, the total of production was increased in 2002 and 2003. The lowest price ever was in year 1993 where it was only around RM584 per tonne for industry grade starch and RM596 per tonne for food grade starch. The highest price was RM915 per tonne for industry grade starch and RM 897 food grade starch in the year 1998; a year after the economic erosion occurs. From the view of total export quantity and production, Malaysia produced the highest quantity of sago starch back in the year 1995 where it reaches its highest possible production with exported quantity up to 45,130.96 tonne for food grade starch and 4,816.43 tonne for industry grade starch. The lowest total production was in the year 1997 where only 27,285.50 tonne of food grade starch and 5,121.83 tonne of industry grade starch were exported; the same year when the economic erosion occurs. If referred to the net export value, the biggest amount is during the sago price recorded its highest price which is in year 1998. The amount is RM5, 638,142. Meanwhile, the lowest export value was in year 1993 with the net total of export value is RM2, 314,787. CHAPTER 2: CURRENT POLICIES DESCRIPTION 2.0 Introduction This chapter will discuss the agricultural policies relevant to sago; providing an accurate, clear understanding of the policies affecting the market for sago and its product. There are 4 policies that relevant to sago consist of policies by the Malaysia government (federal) and Sarawak government (state). 2.1 Sarawak Policy on Sago Plantation (Before NAP3) The Sarawak government is trying to pioneer the cultivation of sago on a plantation scale, trying to tap 20th century agricultural technology and large-scale organisational structure to grow this supposedly wonder crop. The aim of sago plantations is the application of modern, scientific agricultural technology and a large-scale institutional organisation, to exploit the cultivation of sago that has thus far been cultivated in a very primitive and semi-wild fashion. This is the first attempt at growing sago on a plantation scale anywhere in the world. Since the clone material and plantation technology for sago palm have not been established by private entrepreneurs, Sarawak government had developed the policies to cultivate sago palm on a plantation scale. With proper drainage, maintenance and fertilizer in plantation, sago palm will mature faster. This will increase the productivity of sago palm which supply starch to the local and international market. 2.2 Third National Agricultural Policy (NAP3) on Sago (1998-2010) In NAP3, sago is fallen under the group of new product and future industries. The policy objective for this group is: To develop innovative products and new industries which will provide source for the development of agriculture in the future The strategies for this policy are: To strengthen the economy base To generate and encourage private sector participation To reduce cost and increased productivity, commercial sago cultivation in large scale by private sector has been encouraged. This has been done alone by private sector and in collaboration with government subsidiaries. Infrastructures and basic facilities have been provided by the government to support the production of sago by private sector. Furthermore, cultivation with high quality seeds and better agronomy practices has been done to increase the productivity of sago smallholders. Sago cultivation has been encouraged on peat soil area in Sarawak due to the suitable of this crop with peat soil. This is the best way to use peat soil area in natured way. Production of value-added sago based products have been implemented to wider the market opportunities. The products include modified sago starch, sorbitol, dextrin and ascorbic acid. Research and development on both upstream and downstream activities for sago has been strengthen. The activities include: Breeding high quality crops material Farm management Processing technology New products development Usage of side products including wasted materials and sago scraps Sago smallholders have been encouraged to wider their farm through institution support. Research and market encouragement for sago starch and other sago products have been stressed due to strengthen the existing market and venture the new market. Sago processing plants have been encouraged to practice quality control management. Investment and strategic raw material gain for upstream industry has been encouraged. This is to sustain the supply of sago in the industry. To control the wasted materials and sago scraps, pollution control management has been implemented. 2.3 Sarawak Policy on Sago (Based on NAP3) Sarawak Policy on Sago has been formulated, planned and developed from NAP3 by Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak (MoMA). The policy is for sago starch-based product industry as a potential industry and sago as a crop industry. For sago starch-based product industry as a potential industry, the policy objective is: To explore new frontier industry which might have substantial return to the local producers and the economy The strategies for this policy are: To encourage private sector participation To intensify research and development on sago starch product development For sago as a crop industry, the policy objective is: To develop and expand sago industry and exploit the opportunities of market of sago and sago starch-based products The strategies for this policy are: To assist smallholder in planting sago using mini estate approach To encourage private sector participation in planting and processing of sago 2.4 Ninth Malaysia Plan; Policy on Sago Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan, sago is one of the crops that included in land consolidation and rehabilitation. Land consolidation and rehabilitation will be continued on a larger scale to accelerate the modernisation of smallholdings as well as increase productivity of the crops. CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVE Objective To determine Sago cultivation area in Sarawak To determine policy implication on Sago industry in Sarawak To determine the changes of policy in Sago industry CHAPTER 4: POLICY ANALYSIS 4.0 Introduction In this chapter, we will analyze the effects of policy that have been discussed in the previous chapter. The policy that we will analyze here is the Sarawak Policy on Sago based on NAP3. 4.1 Effects on Sago Cultivation Area According to Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin (1999), the aim of sago plantations is the application of modern, scientific agricultural technology and a large-scale institutional organisation, to exploit the cultivation of sago that has thus far been cultivated in a very primitive and semi-wild fashion. With commercial planting on large scale have been encouraged through the policies, the sago cultivation area was increased. The estimated area for sago cultivation in 1998 is 45,000 ha and it increased to 60,700 ha in 2000 (Third National Agricultural Policy, 1998) Since year 2000, the estimated area for sago cultivation in Sarawak is over 60,000 ha and slowly increased from year to year. The increment of sago cultivation area in Sarawak from year 2000 to 2004 is shown as below (Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005). Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Hectares (ha) 60,709 61,523 62,141 63,053 62,308 % compared to other crops 7.8 7.6 7.3 7.1 6.7 Table 4.1: Estimated Area for Sago Cultivation Source: Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005 Even though the area for sago cultivation is increased in term of hectares, but in term of percentage compared to other crops, sago cultivation is decreased. The policies might be effective to increase the area of sago cultivation, but the increment is rather too slow compared to other crops especially oil palm. Figure 4.1.1: Sago Cultivation Area in Sarawak Source: Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005 Figure 4.1.2: Percentage of Sago Cultivation Area Compared to Other Crops in Sarawak Source: Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005 4.2 Effects on Sago Starch Export and Starch Import The highest sago starch export was in 1998 with 46,518.43 tonne of sago starch was exported and the value of it was RM41, 855,722 with price per tonne is RM897 for food grade starch and RM915 for industry grade starch (Craun Research Sdn Bhd, 2004). After 1998, the sago starch export decreased making the worst export value was in year 2000 with only 36,382.78 tonne was exported and the value of it was RM29,782,916 with price per tonne is RM830 for food grade starch and RM766 for industry grade starch. This might be derived from the price drop of starch in world market. The effects of the policies were only been seen after year 2000 where the export value of sago starch increased every year starting from year 2001 to 2004. Only in year 2003, the export value was decreased by RM55,000. The export value of sago starch from year 1998 to 2004 is shown as below (Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005). Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Export Value (RM000) 42,182 36,450 29,783 30,680 32,165 32,110 37,020 Table 4.2.1: The Export Value of Sago Starch SOURCE: Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005 While exporting sago starch, Malaysia still has to import other starch due to local consumption. In year 1997, estimated total production of sago starch in Malaysia is 60,000 tonne with almost 30,000 was used for local consumption (Third National Agricultural Policy, 1998). In 1998, the import value of starch was RM552,000 made it was the highest import value for starch. With local demand for starch is good for food and non-food industries, the policies were able to support the supply of starch in local market. It helps to reduce the import value of starch in 1999 to RM55,000. From this year, the import value of starch per year was going up and down where in year 2000 there is no starch was imported. The import value of starch from year 1998 to 2004 is shown as below (Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005). Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Import Value (RM000) 552 55 134 0 45 71 57 Table 4.2.2: The Import Value of Starch Source : Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005 Figure 3.2: Export Value of Sago Starch and Import Value of Starch from 1998 to 2004 4.3 Effect on Sago Research Involvement According to Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin (1999), there was no private group and only two government centres carrying out research on sago in Malaysia. Researches on sago are important to avoid the extinction of sago industry in Malaysia. When the policies were implemented, Land Custody and Development Authority of Sarawak (PELITA) have formed Craun Research Sdn Bhd to carry out research and development on sago. Craun Research Sdn Bhd was once lead by former Sarawak MARDI Director, Mr. Yusup Bin Sobeng. The policies also encouraged local universities to carry out research on sago. With UPM already carry out researches on sago before the policies; UNIMAS have joined them to do more researches on sago. Recently on 4 August 2006, UNIMAS signed an MOU with New Century Fermentation Research Co. Ltd. (NECFER) of Fukoka to enable both institutions to cooperate and collaborate in the establishment of the fermentation parameters and structural set-up in a joint research and development endeavour on sago starch fermentation for large-scale production of ethanol and lactic acid. 4.4 Effects on Private Sector Involvement in Sago Plantation Presently, sago is grown in Sarawak as a smallholders crop (Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin, 1999). When Land Custody and Development Authority of Sarawak (PELITA) started the development of two sago plantations; Dalat Sago Plantation and Mukah Sago Plantation, several private companies in Sarawak got the initiative to involve in sago industry. With the policy encouraged private sector participation in planting and processing of sago, the numbers of private companies involve in sago plantation and processing had increase. Now, private companies which involve in sago industry have their own association for the benefits of members in the industry. Sarawak Sago Manufacturers Association is the well known sago companies association in Sarawak. It is joined by: Nee Seng Ngeng Sons Sago Industries Sdn Bhd Nitsei Sago Industries Sdn Bhd Song Ngeng Sago Industries (EM) Sdn Bhd C. L. Nee Sago Industries Sdn Bhd Grand Safeways (S) Sdn Bhd Igan Sago Industries Sdn Bhd 4.5 Effects on Traditional Sago Starch Production Before the policy was introduced, there were 11 modern sago processing plants in Sarawak which had fixed assets and equipment valued around RM2-RM5 million (Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin, 1999). The policy helps to increase this number to 21 modern sago processing plant in year 2000. The increasing number of modern sago processing plant had slowly replaced the production of traditional sago starch called lemantak with high quality, dry sago flour. 4.6 Effects on Sago Starch Contribution in World Starch Market In the world market, sago starch has to compete with other starch such as maize starch, potato starch, cassava starch and wheat starch. According to ISO Technical Committees (2005), the world starch output was estimated to be 48.5 million tons in year 2000. Below is the total export value (in USD) for starches in world market based on type of starches between years 2000 to 2002 (ISO Technical Committees, 2005). 2000 2001 2002 Wheat Starch 79,299,188 66,494,945 71,158,617 Maize Starch 247,354,215 254,598,496 250,744,561 Potato Starch 186,513,628 192,451,543 189,591,770 Cassava Starch 155,221,419 146,818,270 27,307,528 Other Starch 44,592,792 42,295,983 42,245,903 Table 3.6: Export Value (USD) for Starches in World Market Source: ISO Technical Committees, 2005 Other starch in table 3.6 refers to barley starch, rice starch, sago starch and waxy xaize starch. Though the export value of other starch is decreased from year 2000 to 2002, it was only 5% reduction compared to 82% reduction of cassava starch. However, the percentage or reduction for other starch including sago starch is higher than wheat starch, maize starch and potato starch. The policy to develop and expand sago industry in Malaysia helps to make Malaysia been acknowledged as one of the main exporter for starch in the world market. Malaysia also been acknowledged as the highest sago starch exporter in the world (ISO Technical Committees, 2005). CHAPTER 5: POLICY IMPLICATIONS This chapter will discuss the positive and negative aspects of the policies analyzed in the previous chapter. The discussion demonstrates a close relationship between the analysis in the previous chapter and the implications drawn in this chapter about the positive and negative aspects of the policies analyzed. 5.1 Positive Aspects First positive aspect, the policies implicate the sago cultivation to be increased. With 1.69 million hectares of peat soil in Sarawak, the policies had increased the sago cultivation area. This was due to the encouragement of private sector participation in sago plantation and the assistant of smallholder in planting sago using mini estate approach. Private sectors will not just focusing to oil palm plantation in term of the land usage in Sarawak. Even though sago is less profitable compared to oil palm, the policies which imply government support in sago cultivation helps to involve private sector in sago cultivation. Second positive aspect, the policies implicate the export and import of starch in Malaysia. With current consumption of starch in Malaysia is estimated around 100,000 tonne per year, the policies help to increase the supply of starch for local consumption. More than half of sago starch is been exported because of its high value as food grade starch and industry grade starch. This is more profitable than using it for local consumption. However, the usage of sago starch for local consumption still can support the local demand where the import value of starch in Malaysia is far too small (below RM80,000 from year 2001) compared to the export value of sago starch. Third positive aspect, the policies implicate the sago researches involvement in Malaysia. The policies help to increase the number of government subsidiaries and private group involvement in sago researches and development. The researches mostly focus on increasing its starch yield, reducing the gestation period of sago and reducing the cost of sago production. Fourth positive aspect, the policies implicate the income of sago smallholders. With most of sago palm is cultivated by smallholders, the policies help to increase their income. Most of sago farmers are having income from non-sago agricultural activities or from off-farm employment. This is because sago palm has the gestation period of 10 to 15 years which considered as too long to generate income. The policies are focusing on economic strategies in planting sago at farm level where the farmers can maximize the profit in sago cultivation. Fifth positive aspect, the policies implicate the collaboration between federal government and state government. With agriculture as the third instrument to generate Malaysias economy, the policies play an important role in developing the abundant crop such as sago. The federal government creates policies to develop sago cultivation for the state government. Then the state government will innovatively formulate, plan and develop the policies to be implemented. The policies consist of budget and land for sago cultivation. Finally, the policies ensured sago not to be abundant and will be developed to support the agriculture industry as well as other industries in Malaysia. 5.2 Negative Aspects First negative aspect, the policies implicate the manipulation of private companies in sago industry. Most of private companies that involve in planting and processing sago have their own association to protect their importance in the industry. They might control the price of sago section (sago trunk which is cut to yield its starch) and the fee for transportation to factories. When this happened, the sago smallholders might gain small profit or even worst they gain loss. Second negative aspect, the policies implicate the traditional value of sago processing. With the number of modern sago processing plant is increased, the traditional, small-scale cottage mills which produce a type of inferior wet sago called lementak for the local markets are slowly being wiped out. The Melanau community especially will slowly lose their traditional way in processing sago. Finally, the policies are considered not very effective in developing sago industry. This can be seen in the small increment of sago cultivation area for the past 5 years compare to other crop in Malaysia. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS Even though, sago is considered by many plant scientists, especially Japanese scientists, as the starch crop of the 21st century (Jong, 1995), the present method of cultivation of sago palm shows that it is currently grown using very primitive agricultural technology. Sago is at present grown essentially as a smallholder crop, producing low yields with minimal maintenance and zero fertilization. Current methods of cultivation in Sarawak is not that much different from what had occurred through the millennium and what is occurring now in the virgin, unexplored jungles of Papua New Guinea. The policy was implemented and sago industry also given impotency in Sarawak region. The cultivation area was showing increment and the yield as well, at the same time Malaysia market and world market for sago also increase. We found every policy try their level best to develop the sago industry from cultivation up to market it. Now they also start focus in research and development (RD), which will improve the sago industry. The sago plant lot of RD, to improve the plant and make it more economically profit. In sago industry there need two important thing need to improve. Make sure the plant produce high starch or high yield and decrease the gestation period that is from 10 to 15 years to 5years. The yield can be improved by good plant materiel and good plant breeding as well. This can only be achieved by a prolonged, sustained research program in plant selection and breeding work. The spectacular improvements in the yield of oil palm and its maturity period in Malaysia were achieved by a similar long-term research program, undertaken by a wide variety of governmental and private groups, beginning in the 1900s (Hartley, 1967). Unfortunately, there are currently no private groups carrying out research on sago in Malaysia. In fact, there are now only two government centers, the Dalat Sago Research Station and CRAUN (Crop Research and Application Unit, Lembaga Pembangunan dan Lindungan Tanah, Sarawak or PELITA), carrying out research on sago cultivation. The amount of research resource devoted to sago is clearly inadequate for the monumental task of converting sago from its present semi-wild status to a modern clone with high yields, short maturity periods and responsiveness to fertilizers. The proper management and good care to sago will improve Sarawak Sago industry and the policy will make the sago as golden crop of Sarawak.

Personal Narrative - The Rice Fields of Home :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Rice Fields of Home I remember the big Gingko tree on the little hill. It was an old tree, shaped like a grandma with her curved back and wrinkly body. I loved how its leaves turned golden yellow during the autumn. I called them, Eun-hang Ip. Whenever the wind blew, it was snowing yellow, and I was covered with them. I would often doze off in that yellow blanket while the sunshine held my feet with her warm hands and the gentle breeze brushed my hair. In my dreams, I climbed that tree all the way up and reached the clouds--the white cotton candies. Carefree, worry free; my younger years... Everything seemed so beautiful in my eyes. Mother Nature was with me and she filled the absence of my real mother during my childhood; my daily life started with the satisfying weather and ended without complaints. All four seasons shared their charm equally and decorated my memories with their pretty details. I never forget my grandpa’s sky-blue antique bicycle and its’ two gigantic wheels. It didn’t have a break, but it made a little squeak sound every now and then which brought out more of its’ oldie character. I would paddle that bicycle through my peaceful, car-less road. The trees on the side of the road with their arms arched inward made the way seem like a tunnel. The little bits of sunbeams that sneaked in between the leaves, looked like the sparkling Christmas tree lights. When the tree tunnel ended the paddling also stopped, and the gravity took control because it was going down the hill. With the sudden acceleration and the bursting of full blazing sunshine, I closed my eyes, feeling the speed all over my body. Red, pink, yellow, and white Cosmos flowers, which replaced the trees on the side, were the first colors back into my little peaking eyes. As I rode through the flower tunnel, now slow and calm again, I could hear the fall wind wh istle. Time of harvest, a six years old me running around and following my family, was a busy time. All the rice fields, which were once covered with rice plants, were cut.

Shadow Kiss Chapter 21

Twenty-one I COULD HARDLY WAIT for my day to end. I'd promised Lissa I'd hang out with her and the others after school. It should have been fun, but the minutes dragged by. I was too restless. When curfew came around, I split off from them ran back to my dorm. I asked the woman at the front desk if she could call up to Dimitri's room – off-limits to students – because I had an â€Å"urgent† question for him. She had just picked up the phone when Celeste walked past. â€Å"He's not there,† she told me. She had a large bruise on the side of her face. Some novice had gotten the better of her – some novice who wasn't me. â€Å"I think he was going to the chapel. You'll have to see him tomorrow – you can't be there and back before curfew comes.† I nodded meekly and acted like I was heading for the student wing. Instead, as soon as she was out of sight, I headed back outside again and ran to the chapel. She was right. I wasn't going to make curfew, but hopefully Dimitri could make sure I got back without getting in trouble. The chapel's doors were unlocked when I reached them. I walked in and saw all the candles lit, making all the gold ornaments in the room sparkle. The priest must still be working. But, when I stepped inside the sanctuary, he wasn't there. Dimitri was, however. He sat in the last pew. He wasn't praying or kneeling or anything. He just sat there, looking quite relaxed. Although he wasn't a practicing member of the church, he'd told me he often found peace there. It gave him a chance to think about his life and the deeds he'd done. I always thought he looked good, but just then, something about him nearly made me come to a standstill. Maybe it was because of the background, all the polished wood and colorful icons of saints. Maybe it was just the way the candlelight shone on his dark hair. Maybe it was just because he looked unguarded, almost vulnerable. He was normally so wound up, so on edge †¦ but even he needed the occasional moment of rest. He seemed to glow in my eyes, kind of in the way Lissa always did. His normal tension returned when he heard me come in. â€Å"Rose, is everything okay?† He started to stand, and I motioned him down as I slid into the spot beside him. The faint smell of incense lingered in the air. â€Å"Yeah †¦ well, kind of. No breakdowns, if that's what you're worried about. I just had a question. Or, well, a theory.† I explained the conversation with Alice and what I'd deduced from it. He listened patiently, expression thoughtful. â€Å"I know Alice. I'm not sure she's credible,† he said when I finished. It was similar to what he'd said about Victor. â€Å"I know. I thought the same thing. But a lot of it makes sense.† â€Å"Not quite. As you pointed out, why are your visions so irregular here? That doesn't go along with the ward theory. You should feel like you did on the plane.† â€Å"What if the wards are just weak?† I asked. He shook his head. â€Å"That's impossible. Wards take months to wear down. New ones are put in place here every two weeks.† â€Å"That often?† I asked, unable to hide my disappointment. I'd known maintenance was frequent but not that frequent. Alice's theory had almost provided a sound explanation, one that didn't involve me being insane. â€Å"Maybe they're getting staked,† I suggested. â€Å"By humans or something – like we saw before.† â€Å"Guardians walk the grounds a few times a day. If there was a stake in the borders of campus, we'd notice.† I sighed. Dimitri moved his hand over mine, and I flinched. He didn't remove it, though, and as he did so frequently, guessed my thoughts. â€Å"You thought if she was right, it would explain everything.† I nodded. â€Å"I don't want to be crazy.† â€Å"You aren't crazy.† â€Å"But you don't believe I'm really seeing ghosts.† He glanced away, his eyes staring at the flickering of candles on the altar. â€Å"I don't know. I'm still trying to keep an open mind. And being stressed isn't the same as being crazy.† â€Å"I know,† I admitted, still very conscious of how warm his hand was. I shouldn't have been thinking about things like that in a church. â€Å"But†¦ well†¦ there's something else†¦.† I told him then about Anna possibly â€Å"catching† Vladimir's insanity. I also explained Adrian's aura observations. He turned his gaze back on me, expression speculative. â€Å"Have you told anyone else about this? Lissa? Your counselor?† â€Å"No,† I said in a small voice, unable to meet his eyes. â€Å"I was afraid of what they'd think.† He squeezed my hand. â€Å"You have to stop this. You aren't afraid of throwing yourself in the path of danger, but you're terrified of letting anyone in.† â€Å"I†¦ I don't know,† I said, looking up at him. â€Å"I guess.† â€Å"Then why'd you tell me?† I smiled. â€Å"Because you told me I should trust people. I trust you.† â€Å"You don't trust Lissa?† My smile faltered. â€Å"I trust her, absolutely. But I don't want to tell her things that'll make her worry. I guess it's a way of protecting her, just like keeping Strigoi away.† â€Å"She's stronger than you think,† he said. â€Å"And she would go out of her way to help you.† â€Å"So what? You want me to confide in her and not you?† â€Å"No, I want you to confide in both of us. I think it'd be good for you. Does what happened to Anna bother you?† â€Å"No.† I looked away again. â€Å"It scares me.† I think the admission stunned both of us. I certainly hadn't expected to say it. We both froze for a moment, and then Dimitri wrapped his arms around me and pulled me to his chest. A sob built up in me as I rested my cheek against the leather of his coat and heard the steady beating of his heart. â€Å"I don't want to be like that,† I told him. â€Å"I want to be like everyone else. I want my mind to be †¦ normal. Normal by Rose standards, I mean. I don't want to lose control. I don't want to be like Anna and kill myself. I love being alive. I'd die to save my friends, but I hope it doesn't happen. I hope we all live long, happy lives. Like Lissa said – one big happy family. There's so much I want to do, but I'm so scared †¦ scared that I'll be like her†¦. I'm afraid I won't be able to stop it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He held me tighter. â€Å"It's not going to happen,† he murmured. â€Å"You're wild and impulsive, but at the end of the day, you're one of the strongest people I know. Even if you are the same as Anna – and I don't think you are – you two won't share the same fate.† It was funny. I'd often told Lissa the same thing about her and Vladimir. She'd always had a hard time believing it, and now I understood. Giving advice was a lot harder than following it. â€Å"You're also missing something,† he continued, running a hand over my hair. â€Å"If you are in danger from Lissa's magic, then at least you understand why. She can stop using her magic, and that'll be the end of it.† I pulled away slightly so I could look at him. Hastily, I ran my hand over my eyes in case any tears had escaped. â€Å"But can I ask her to do that?† I said. â€Å"I've felt how it makes her feel. I don't know if I can take that away from her.† He regarded me with surprise. â€Å"Even at the cost of your own life?† â€Å"Vladimir did great things – so could she. Besides, they come first, right?† â€Å"Not always.† I stared. I'd had they come first drilled into me since I was a child. It was what all guardians believed. Only the dhampirs who'd run away from their duty didn't subscribe to that. What he said was almost like treason. â€Å"Sometimes, Rose, you have to know when to put yourself first.† I shook my head. â€Å"Not with Lissa.† I might as well have been with Deirdre or Ambrose again. Why was everyone suddenly challenging something that I'd held as absolute truth my entire life? â€Å"She's your friend. She'll understand.† To make his point, he reached forward and tugged at the chotki peeking out underneath my sleeve, his fingertips brushing my wrist. â€Å"It's more than that,† I said. I pointed to the cross. â€Å"If anything, this proves it. I'm bound to her, to protect the Dragomirs, at all costs.† â€Å"I know, but †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He didn't finish, and honestly, what could he have said? This was becoming an old argument, one without a solution. â€Å"I need to get back,† I said abruptly. â€Å"It's past curfew.† A wry smile crossed Dimitri's face. â€Å"And you need me to get you back or you'll get in trouble.† â€Å"Well, yeah, I was kind of hoping†¦.† We heard some rustling near the door of the sanctuary, and Father Andrew walked in, which definitely ended our session. He was getting ready to shut down the chapel. Dimitri thanked him, and then the two of us headed back to the dhampir dorm. Neither of us spoke along the way, but it was a comfortable silence. It was weird, but since his outburst outside the med clinic, I felt like something had intensified between us, as impossible as that seemed. Dimitri got me past the woman at the front desk, and just as I was about to head off for my wing, a guardian named Yuri walked by. Dimitri called to him. â€Å"You've been working with security, haven't you? When was the last time they laid new wards?† Yuri considered. â€Å"A couple days ago. Why?† Dimitri gave me a meaningful look. â€Å"Just curious.† I nodded to Dimitri to show that I understood his point, and then I went off to bed. After that, the next week or so played out in a repetitive pattern. I followed Christian for three days a week, had my counseling sessions, and trained with Dimitri. During those times, I could see the concern on Dimitri's face. He always asked how I was but didn't push me to talk about anything I didn't want to. Mostly, it was all physical training, which I liked since it didn't require too much ruminating. Best of all, I didn't see Mason during this time. I also didn't witness any attacks – of either the Man? type or the guardian type. We were in full throes of the field experience, and every other novice in my class was having regular fights. The tests grew intricate and more difficult, and everyone had to stay on their toes. Eddie seemed to have to defend Lissa every other day from some guardian playing Strigoi – but it never happened when I was around. In fact, no attacks at all happened to anyone when I was around. After a while, I began to get the idea. They were going soft on me. They were worried I couldn't handle it. â€Å"They might as well have cut me from the field experience after all,† I grumbled to Christian one evening. â€Å"I'm not doing anything.† â€Å"Yeah, but if you still pass, why worry about it? I mean, do you actually want to get in a fight every day?† He then rolled his eyes. â€Å"Never mind. Of course you do.† â€Å"You don't understand,† I told him. â€Å"This job isn't about taking the easy way out. I want to prove what I can do – to them and to myself. You can never get enough practice. I mean, Lissa's life is at stake.† And also possibly my future with her. I'd worried before that they might decide to replace me – and that was before they thought I was nuts. It was nearly curfew time, and I was dropping him off for the night. He shook his head. â€Å"Rose, I don't know if you're crazy or not, but I'm actually starting to think you might be the best guardian – or soon-to-be guardian – out there.† â€Å"Did you just give me a serious compliment?† I asked. He turned his back on me and headed inside his dorm. â€Å"Good night.† My life was still in chaos, but I couldn't help a small grin as I headed back toward my dorm. The walk always made me nervous since I now lived in perpetual fear of seeing Mason. There were other people scurrying back before curfew too, though, and he mostly tended to show up when I was alone, either because he preferred the privacy or because he really was a figment of my imagination. Talking about Lissa reminded me that I'd hardly seen her today. Comfortable and content, I let my mind slip into hers while my body continued its walk. She was in the library, hurriedly trying to finish up some notes. Eddie stood near her, glancing around. â€Å"Better hurry up,† he said teasingly. â€Å"She's making another round.† â€Å"Almost done,† Lissa said, scrawling a few more words. She shut the textbook just as the librarian came by and told them they had to leave now. With a sigh of relief, Lissa stuffed her papers into her bag and followed Eddie out. He picked it up and carried it over his shoulder as they went. â€Å"You don't have to do that,† she said. â€Å"You aren't my valet.† â€Å"You can have it back as soon as you fix that.† He gestured to where she was tangled up in her coat. She'd shoved it on while trying to get out of the library on time. She laughed at her own disorderliness and adjusted the inside-out sleeve. â€Å"Thanks,† she said when he handed it back. â€Å"No problem.† Lissa liked Eddie – though not in a romantic kind of way. She just thought he was nice. He did things like that all the time, helping her out while still doing an excellent job in his duties. His motives weren't romantic, either. He was just one of those rare guys who could be both a gentleman and a badass. She had plans for him. â€Å"Have you ever thought about asking Rose out?† â€Å"What?† he asked. What? I thought. â€Å"You guys just have so much in common,† she said, trying to sound casual. Inside, she was excited. She thought this was the best idea in the world. For me, it was one of those moments where being in her mind was being too close to her. I would rather have been standing beside her so I could shake some sense into her. â€Å"She's just my friend,† he laughed, his face taking on kind of a cute shyness. â€Å"And I don't think we'd actually be that compatible. Besides †¦Ã¢â‚¬  His expression fell. â€Å"I could never go out with Mason's girlfriend.† Lissa started to say what I always told her, that I hadn't actually been Mason's girlfriend. Wisely, she instead chose to let Eddie keep believing the best. â€Å"Everyone has to move on sometime.† â€Å"It hasn't been that long, not really. Just over a month. And it's not really something you get over quickly.† His eyes had a sad, faraway look that hurt both Lissa and me. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she said. â€Å"I didn't mean to make it sound like something small. What you saw – I know it was horrible.† â€Å"You know what's weird? I actually don't remember much of it. And that's what's horrible. I was so drugged out that I had no idea what was going on. I hate that – you have no idea. Being helpless like that†¦ it's the worst thing in the world.† I felt the same way. I think it was a guardian thing. Eddie and I had never talked about it, though. We'd never even talked about Spokane much. â€Å"It wasn't your fault,† Lissa told him. â€Å"Strigoi endorphins are strong. You couldn't have fought against them.† â€Å"I should have tried harder,† he countered, holding the door to her dorm open. â€Å"If I'd been even a little more conscious †¦ I don't know. Mason might still be alive.† Eddie and I, I realized, should both have been in therapy as soon as we got back from winter break. I finally understood why everyone said blaming myself for Mason's death was irrational. Eddie and I were both holding ourselves responsible for things that had been beyond our control. We were torturing ourselves with guilt we didn't deserve. â€Å"Hey, Lissa. Come here.† The serious subject was put on hold as Jesse and Ralf waved at her from across the dorm's lobby. My defenses immediately went up. So did hers. She didn't like them any better than I did. â€Å"What's this about?† asked Eddie warily. â€Å"I don't know,† she muttered, walking over. â€Å"I hope it's fast.† Jesse gave her a dazzling smile, one that I had once found really hot. Now I saw it for the fake piece of crap it was. â€Å"How's it going?† he asked. â€Å"It's going tired,† she replied. â€Å"I need to get to bed. What's up?† Jesse looked over at Eddie. â€Å"Would you give us a little privacy?† Eddie looked at Lissa. She nodded, and Eddie backed up enough to be out of earshot but still watch her. When he was gone, Jesse said, â€Å"We have an invitation for you.† â€Å"To what, a party?† â€Å"Kind of. It's a group †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ralf wasn't so good with words, and Jesse took over again. â€Å"More than a group. It's only for elite people.† He gestured around. â€Å"You and me and Ralf†¦ we're not like a lot of other Moroi. We're not even like a lot of other royals. We have concerns and issues that we need to take care of.† I thought it was funny that he'd include Ralf. Ralf's royalty came from his mother, a Voda, so he didn't even carry one of the royal names, even if he technically had the blood. â€Å"It sounds kind of †¦ snobby,† she said. â€Å"No offense. Thanks for the offer, though.† That was Lissa. Always polite, even to creeps like these. â€Å"You don't understand. We aren't just sitting around. We're working to get things done. We're – † he hesitated and then spoke more softly, † – working on ways to get our voices out there, to make people see our way no matter what.† Lissa gave an uncomfortable laugh. â€Å"Sounds like compulsion.† â€Å"So?† I couldn't see her face, but I could feel her working hard to keep it as straight as possible. â€Å"Are you out of your mind? Compulsion's forbidden. It's wrong.† â€Å"Only to some people. And apparently not you since you're pretty good at it.† She stiffened. â€Å"Why would you think that?† â€Å"Because someone – a couple people, actually – hinted at it.† People? I tried to remember what Christian and I had said in the feeder room. We'd never mentioned her by name, though both of us had bragged about having seen someone use compulsion. And apparently, Jesse had noticed other things about her. â€Å"Besides, it's actually kind of obvious. People love you. You've gotten out of so much trouble, and I finally figured out why. You've been working people over this whole time. I was watching you in class the other day when you convinced Mr. Hill to let Christian work with you on that project. He never would have let anyone else do that.† I'd been with them in class that day. Lissa actually had used compulsion on her teacher to get help for Christian. She'd been so caught up in her pleas that she'd compelled Mr. Hill without even realizing it. Compared to other things I'd seen her do, it had actually been a pretty weak show of compulsion. No one had noticed. Well, almost no one. â€Å"Look,† Lissa said uneasily, â€Å"I seriously have no idea what you're talking about. I need to go to bed.† Jesse's face grew excited. â€Å"No, it's okay. We think it's cool. We want to help you – or actually, we want you to help us. I can't believe I never noticed it before. You're really good at it, and we need you to show us. Plus, none of the other Man? chapters has a Dragomir. We'd be the first to have every royal family represented.† She sighed. â€Å"If I could use compulsion, I'd make you guys go away. I told you, I'm not interested.† â€Å"But we need you!† exclaimed Ralf. Jesse shot him a sharp look and then turned his smile back on Lissa. I had this weird feeling he might actually be trying to compel her, but it had absolutely no effect on her – or me, since I was watching through her eyes. â€Å"It's not just about you helping us. There are groups of Man? at every school,† said Jesse. He was leaning close, and suddenly, he didn't look very friendly anymore. â€Å"Its members are all over the world. Be a part of it, and you'll have the connections to do whatever you want with your life. And if we can all learn to work compulsion, we can stop the Moroi government from doing stupid things – we can make sure the queen and everyone else make the right decision. Everything about this is good for you!† â€Å"I'm doing fine on my own, thanks,† she said, stepping back. â€Å"And I'm not really sure you know what's best for the Moroi.† â€Å"Fine? With your Strigoi boyfriend and slutty wannabe guardian?† exclaimed Ralf. He spoke loudly enough to get Eddie's attention, and Eddie did not look happy. â€Å"Be quiet,† Jesse told him angrily. He turned to Lissa. â€Å"He shouldn't have said that†¦but he's kind of right. Your family's reputation is all on you, and the way you're going, no one's taking you seriously. The queen's already trying to keep you in line and get you away from Ozera. You're going to crash and burn.† Lissa was growing angrier and angrier. â€Å"You have no idea what you're talking about. And – † She frowned. â€Å"What do you mean she's trying to get me away from Christian?† â€Å"She wants to marr – † Ralf started to speak, but Jesse immediately cut him off. â€Å"That's exactly what I'm talking about,† said Jesse. â€Å"We know all sorts of things that could affect you and help you – you and Christian.† I had a feeling that Ralf had been about to mention the queen's plans to marry Lissa off to Adrian. I was puzzling out how he would know about that until I recalled again that Ralf was related to the Vodas. Priscilla Voda was the queen's adviser and best friend. She knew all of the queen's plans and had probably told Ralf. His relationship to her must have been closer than I'd realized. â€Å"Tell me,† Lissa demanded. The thought of using compulsion on him actually crossed her mind, but she dismissed it. She wouldn't lower herself to that. â€Å"What do you know about Christian?† â€Å"No free information,† said Jesse. â€Å"Come to a meeting and we'll tell you everything.† â€Å"Whatever. I'm not interested in your elitist connections, and I don't know anything about compulsion.† Despite her words, she was insanely curious about what he knew. She started to turn away, but Jesse grabbed her arm. â€Å"Damn it! You have to – â€Å" â€Å"Lissa's going to bed now,† said Eddie. He'd shot over as soon as Jesse touched her. â€Å"Remove your hand, or I'll do it for you.† Jesse glared at Eddie. Like most Moroi-dhampir matchups, Jesse had height, and Eddie had muscle. Of course, Jesse had Ralf's bulk too, but it wouldn't matter. Everyone there knew who would win if Eddie went up against them. The beauty of it was that Eddie probably wouldn't even get in trouble if he claimed he'd done it to save Lissa from harassment. Jesse and Ralf slowly backed off. â€Å"We need you,† said Jesse. â€Å"You're the only one. Think about it.† When they were gone, Eddie asked, â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Yeah†¦thanks. God, that was so weird.† They moved toward the stairs. â€Å"What was it about?† â€Å"They're obsessed with this royal society or something and want me to join so they can have every royal family in it. They were kind of fanatic about it.† Eddie knew about spirit, but she wasn't comfortable reminding him what a badass she was with compulsion. He opened the door for her. â€Å"Well, they can annoy you all they want, but they can't make you join something you don't want to.† â€Å"Yeah, I suppose.† Part of her still wondered what they knew about Christian or if it had been a bluff. â€Å"I just hope they don't get too annoying.† â€Å"Don't worry,† he told her, his voice hard. â€Å"I'll make sure they don't.† I slipped back to my body and opened the door to my own dorm. Halfway up the stairs, I discovered I was smiling. I certainly didn't want Jesse and Ralf bothering Lissa, but if it came down to Eddie having to rough them up? Yeah. I wouldn't mind seeing them get a little payback for what they'd done to others.

How does the presentation of Iago in Act1 sn1 lines 41-66 and Act1 sn3 lines 365-385 prepare the audience for the tragedy of Othello?

The two passages in question, the first a speech Iago makes at the start of the play, and the second, a short soliloquy at the end of Act one, introduce the audience to the character of Iago and the feelings he has towards Othello which will drive the action of the play and shape the tragedy. In the play, we see Othello, a heroic character, fall from grace. Shakespeare's successful use of peripeteia is accentuated by Othello's strive through adversity and what he has managed to achieve, especially in Venice which was the most powerful society in the world for a time. It was un-heard of for a â€Å"moor† to have reached such a momentous position considering the racism at this point in history. Othello is also a character that the audience can empathize with easily. This emphasizes the tragedy of Othello due to the fact that he doesn't deserve to have been plagued by trickery resulting in him murdering Desdemona and then killing himself. He has been entirely manipulated by Iago. He is the artist behind the fall of Othello. He realizes that Othello can be â€Å"tenderly led by the nose as asses are† and is clever and ruthless enough to take advantage of him and exploit his flaw, jealousy. Iago's exploitative nature is communicated to the audience when he is talking to Roderigo about how he dislikes the â€Å"Moor† and says, â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him. † This statement reveals Iago's feelings towards Othello, as well as an insight into the way he thinks and his priorities in life. This suggests that Iago's motive is just to climb to the top of society without regard or respect for anyone else's emotions. An example of this is when Iago is telling Roderigo how he feels about certain types of employees, the types that â€Å"line their coats†. He states that these people have â€Å"soul† and believes â€Å"such a one I do profess myself. † This shows the audience Iago's selfish and power hungry temperament. It is interesting how Shakespeare has chosen to put a full stop after the word â€Å"myself†. He has chosen not to use enjambment, which he uses abundantly throughout the text. When listening to someone act out this speech, there would be a pause after this word that would let the audience have time to think about the statement just voiced. Iago's desire for status brings to light the theme of class. Iago feels an extremely strong desire to climb to the highest class and profess himself a success. This could be seen as his primary motive for money and power and ultimately status. However, he also wishes to break the bond between Othello and Desdemona. As well as revealing his character to the audience, these two quotations foreshadow and prime the audience for a tragic ending, one in which Iago will turn upon Othello, a noble and trusting character. Iago's motives are often unclear and we end up speculating that he is jealous, racist or insecure. The presentation of Iago in the penultimate sentence of the first speech, invokes images of pain, destruction, darkness and possibly some of the aforementioned insecurity. He voices a sinister yet almost vulnerable statement to Roderigo when he says â€Å"I will wear my heart upon my sleeve/ For daws to peck at. † This can be interpreted in many ways. One of which is that Iago feels that he has done so much wrong that he is leaving his feelings open for the people around him to â€Å"peck at† with the â€Å"daws† symbolizing the people. This would suggest that Iago does have a heart because he feels punished for how he treats his companions and the net of lies he weaves around them. Moreover, leaving ones heart upon ones sleeve could be seen as an act to open their heart to the world, leaving one vulnerable and defenceless. This metaphorical image of a bird pecking at his heart paints an enduringly dark and depressing picture for the audience. Conversely, we could see this quote as Iago feeling he should be punished. We could also see it as Iago being self destructive and almost psychopathic. The structure chosen here by Shaksespeare suggests that this statement should be read as a sinister one as opposed to a vulnerable one. The writer has chosen to continue this sentence onto the next line. His use of emjambement here suggests that the audience should hear the statement all as one. There is no pause between † sleeve† and â€Å"for daws†¦.. â€Å". In addition, the fact that Iago doesn't care that he is leaving his feelings so vulnerable makes us think that he has no care for his emotions and anyone else's whatsoever. It is also ironic because he is saying he will reveal his feelings, his emotions and his true self, but succeeds in manipulating all of the characters due to his immense power to lie, deceive and erect an impregnable faiade. Shakespeare alludes to themes such as race and class in the last sentence of the first speech that also portray Iago's deceitful character. Iago ends his speech to Roderigo by saying â€Å"I am not what I am. † We have already learned that he is a deceptive and confusing character however this statement means that he could have been putting up a faiade this whole time and none of what he said could be true. As and audience, we feel that Shakespeare has employed this dramatic device to keep us guessing. Moreover, this is interesting because we would usually expect Iago to reveal this about his character in a soliloquy rather than in conversation with another character. Shakespeare has most definitely chosen this short punchy sentence to end his speech for a reason. This is the main thought that the audience are left with. This is a key function in helping the audience to suspend their disbelief. Watching the play you would be confused trying to understand his character and then seconds later the dialogue resumes between Iago and Roderigo. There is also another interesting interpratation of this statement that relates to class and race. At the time, white people considered themselves the higher power compared to black people. White people considered themselves clean and proper and considered black people dirty and improper. However, this is ironic because Othello, the black character or â€Å"Moor† is the noble, kind and strong character. And Iago is portrayed as being evil, deceptive and crazy. We could see this as an attempt by Shakespeare to attack the ideals and beliefs of the time by turning them over and challenging them. The end of this passage gives the audience the idea that good will not prevail over evil resulting in a devastating end to the play. The second passage, Iago's soliloquy, starts with him telling the audience that whenever he can, he will take advantage of any â€Å"fool† for his profit. This again communicates his exploitative nature and alludes to the idea that eventually Othello will become his â€Å"purse†. He then goes on to say â€Å"I hate the Moor,†. Once again Shakespeare has used structure to emphasize a certain point. This being that Iago despises Othello. He does this by starting the sentence with â€Å"I† and has placed a comma after † moor† which sections off this declaration causing a pause after hearing which leaves time for this statement to be absorbed by the audience. Iago is portrayed as being sexist in the beginning of his soliloquy when he says that by Othello sleeping with his wife he has â€Å"done his office†. Referring to his wife as â€Å"his office† now would be a potentially life threatening comment, however at the time it was thought that men were above women and a women's place was at home, cooking, cleaning and holding together the home-life. He is referring to Emilia as if he can do with her as he wants. This suggests she is his sex object and reaffirms him as the duplicitous man that he is. Iago's character is portrayed as evil and scheming in the last sentence of his soliloquy. After Iago has been plotting he has conjured up a plan to frame Othello by exploiting his trusting nature. This is communicated when he says â€Å"Hell and night/ Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light. † This conjures up images of death, pain and evil beasts. This is a very powerful statement and has the most significance in terms of alluding to the tragic ending of Othello. It is also interesting because Shakespeare has chosen to write this in verse. This adds a poetic and almost beautiful aura to what Iago is saying. It is intriguing yet horrific at the same time. He has also chosen to use figurative speech that makes the audience think more about what is being said. This is typical of Shakespeare's fondness for dramatic irony. He may have been alluding to the overall themes of the play here in this one line. Specifically, the contrasting notions of heaven vs hell, light vs dark and good vs evil. In conclusion, we can see that both speeches play key roles in preparing the audience for the tragedy of Othello. The first speech reveals much about Iago's character including his manipulative and exploitative nature. It is revealed to the audience that Iago is complex and intelligent but that these traits are ominous ones. Iago is portrayed in such a negative way that it leaves the audience thinking that there could only be a negative ending to the play. The assumption is that evil will prevail. However at this point in the play we have not met Othello. We are not sure whether what Imago is saying about Othello is true which means that the audience are ill prepared at this point for the tragedy of Othello. In Iago's soliloquy he begins to engineer his plan to defeat Othello. At this point we have met Othello and we are aware of his trusting nature that becomes his downfall at the end of the play. Shakespeare uses a combination of structural techniques, language and themes to help the audience prepare for the tragedy that follows. I believe that Shakespeare was attempting an attack on the ideals and beliefs in society at the time and was trying to tell the worlds that fairytales do not usually come true and that humans will ultimately be the makers of their own downfall.

Endings for Latin Verbs in the Indicative

Endings for Latin Verbs in the Indicative Latin has different endings for the 3 persons singular and the 3 person plural. The standard order for a paradigm for verbs progresses from 1st to 2nd to 3rd person in a column, starting with the singular. The plural is often in a second column to the right of the singulars, but on this page, it is below the singulars. There is a separate ending for a singular you and a plural you think, you all. Both are 2nd person. The 3rd person singular default subject is he, but a 3rd person can also be used for a female or a neuter subject. First personI or weSecond personyouThird personhe (she or it) and they. The singularsI, you singular, and he (she or it).The pluralswe, you plural, and they. Verbs can be active, with the subject the agent of the act (e.g., laudoI praise) or they can be passive, with the subject acted upon (e.g., amaturhe is loved). Active Singular Endings -o, -m-s-t Active Plural -mus-tis-nt Passive Singular -or, -r-ris-tur Passive Plural -mur-mini-ntur Perfect Active Endings Singular -i-isti-it Plural -imus-istis-erunt Pluperfect Active Endings Singular -eram-eras-erat Plural -eramus-eratis-erant Future Perfect Active Endings Singular -ero-eris-erit Plural -erimus-eritis-erint See: Paradigm of a 1st Conjugation Regular VerbParadigm of a 2nd Conjugation Regular VerbParadigm of a 3rd Conjugation Regular VerbParadigm of a 4th Conjugation Regular Verb Index of Quick Tips on Latin Verbs Latin SupineLatin ImperativesLatin InfinitivesLatin Verbs - Person and NumberLatin Words - Where Do You Add on Endings?Passive Periphrastic

The Solution to Factory Farming

The Solution to Factory Farming The cruelty of factory farming is well-documented, but what is the solution? Go vegan. Cant we continue eating meat and other animal products and just treat the animals humanely? No, for two reasons: According to Animal Equality  over fifty-six  billion land animals are killed for human consumption every year worldwide. This number doesnt include sea creatures.   Humans eat far too many animals and animal products for the animals to all live on idyllic rambling farms, making humane farming almost impossible to achieve. A single battery hen building can hold over 100,000 hens in cages stacked on top of each other. How many square miles of land would be required to humanely raise 100,000 chickens so that they can establish separate flocks with their own pecking orders? Now multiply that number by 3,000, because there are 300 million egg-laying hens in the US, approximately one per person. And thats just the egg-laying chickens.Most importantly, no matter how well the animals are treated, subjugating animals for meat, milk and egg production is antithetical to animal rights.    Shouldnt we reduce suffering where we can? Yes, we can reduce some suffering by eliminating certain practices in certain areas, but this will not solve the problem. As explained above, we cannot humanely raise nine billion animals. Going vegan is the only solution. Also, keep in mind that some meat, eggs and dairy products are misleadingly marketed as humane but offer only marginal improvements over traditional factory farming. These animals are not raised humanely if they are in larger cages, or are taken out of cages only to live in overcrowded barns. And humane slaughter is an oxymoron. What about recent strides in the industry to reduce animal suffering? In his new book The Humane Economy, Animal Protection 2.0, How Innovators and enlightened consumers are transforming the Lives of Animals, author and animal-rights leader Wayne Pacelle writes about how the demand for change in how the animal farming community does business is having very identifiable changes. People who learn about factory farming are becoming more enlightened, and as they do so, producers must meet their demands. We saw this happen with the veal industry. Pacelle writes: From 1944 to the late 1980s, American per capita consumption of veal dropped from 8.6 pounds to just 0.3 pounds. When people learned about the cruelty of the veal business, they knew the moral price they paid was higher than the actual price of that restaurant meal. When we know better, we do better. In May 2015, the Humane Society of the United States was in negotiations with Walmart, the worlds largest retailer of food, to stop buying their eggs and chickens from farmers who would not voluntarily lose the battery cages. Those producers who did remove the batter cages were the new suppliers, so others had to go on board or be put out of business. This caused Walmart to release a declaration stating: There is growing public interest in how food is produced and consumers have questions about whether current practices match their values and expectations about the well-being of farm animals. Animal science plays a central role in guiding these practices , but does not always provide clear direction. Increasingly, animal welfare decisions are being considered through a combination of science and ethics. This may sound encouraging, but not all applaud the HSUSs efforts to make animals raised for slaughter more comfortable while awaiting their fate. One reason is as mentioned above:  no matter how well the animals are treated, subjugating animals for meat, milk and egg production is antithetical to animal rights. The other reason is if we make factory farming to appear humane, less people will feel the need to explore vegan options. Their moral and ethical reasons for doing so are seemingly moot. Cant I just go vegetarian? Going vegetarian is a great step, but consuming eggs and dairy still causes the suffering and deaths of animals, even on small family farms where the animals roam freely. When egg-laying hens or dairy cows are too old to be profitable, they are slaughtered for their meat, which is generally considered low quality and used for processed meat products. Male layer chickens are considered worthless because they do not lay eggs and do not have enough muscle to be useful as meat chickens, so they are killed as infants. While still alive, male chicks are ground up for animal feed or fertilizer. Male diary cattle are also considered useless because they do not give milk, and are slaughtered for veal while still very young. Going vegan is the only solution.

25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)

25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be) 25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be) 25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be) By Mark Nichol Many Russian words have been appropriated by the English language. Some, like mammoth and sable, are easily assumed to be from a more closely related language. Others were originally specific to Russian culture but can be applied to analogous Western concepts, such as a reference to an American politician retreating from Washington, DC, to his dacha, or to a comment about a troika of conspirators. Here is a list of well-known Russian words and their original meanings and later connotations, if any. Below that you’ll find another set, that one consisting of words known to few, if any, speakers of English who are not bilingual in Russian or familiar with Russian culture. The latter list is ripe for exploitation in English. (Try referring, for example, to an elite cohort as the nomenklatura or to a petty bureaucrat as a namestnik.) Either list can be mined for analogous meanings. Some require no annotation, while others should be introduced carefully in context or even glossed; which approach to take depends on the content and its audience. Familiar Russian Words (Absorbed into English) 1. Agitprop: artistic political propaganda, from a truncated form of the Russian forms of the words agitation and propaganda 2. Apparatchik: a Communist Party member and/or functionary, from the Russian form of the word apparatus 3. Babushka: in Russian, â€Å"old woman†; in English, a type of scarf commonly worn by babushkas 4. Beluga: a type of whale or sturgeon 5. Bolshevik: a revolutionary or radical, from name of the majority Communist faction in Tsarist Russia, ultimately from the Russian word for â€Å"majority† 6. Commissar: an official 7. Cossack: a Russian ethnic group associated in popular culture with military prowess and a nomadic society; the name, like the ethnic appellation Kazakh, derives from the Turkish word for â€Å"nomad† 8. Dacha: a country house 9. Duma: a legislative body 10. Glasnost: a policy of political openness and transparency, from the Russian word for â€Å"publicity† 11. Gulag: originally an acronym for a Soviet-era system of forced-labor camps; it now can refer to any repressive or coercive environment or situation 12. Intelligentsia: the intellectual elite of a society, from the English word intelligent 13. Kopeck: a Russian coin 14. Mammoth: a prehistoric mammal, and, by extension, a synonym for massive 15. Menshevik: the name of the minority Communist faction in Tsarist Russia, originally in power briefly after the Russian Revolution but defeated by the Bolsheviks 16. Perestroika: the Soviet-era system of reform, from the Russian word for â€Å"restructuring† 17. Pogrom: originally, violent persecution of Jews in Russia; now, any officially sanctioned attack on a particular group 18. Politburo: the Soviet-era primary source of government policy decisions, a truncation of the Russian forms of the words political and bureau 19. Ruble: the basic unit of Russian currency 20. Sable: a mammal related to the weasel whose sleek black coat was long prized as a clothing material, and, by extension, a synonym for black 21. Samizdat: prohibited literature produced clandestinely 22. Samovar: an urn for heating tea 23. Sputnik: a traveling companion; also, the name given to a series of Soviet-era satellites, the first objects launched into space 24. Taiga: the far northern coniferous forests of both Asia and North America, from a Turkish or Mongolian word 25. Troika: a carriage or sleigh pulled by three horses, or a triumvirate (a ruling or administrative trio) Unfamiliar Russian Words (Not Yet Absorbed into English) 26. Druzhina: a unit of bodyguards and elite troops 27. Glavlit: the Soviet-era government censorship agency 28. Izba: a log house 29. Knout: a whip used in punishment 30. Konyushy: an official responsible for horses used in ceremonies 31. Kulak: a well-off farmer 32. Lishenets: a disenfranchised group 33. Matryoshka: a set of Russian nesting dolls 34. Muzhik: a peasant 35. Namestnik: an administrator (from the Russian word for â€Å"deputy†) 36. Narkompros: a Soviet-era agency responsible for education and culture, later called the Ministry of Enlightening 37. Nomenklatura: the Soviet elite, holding prestigious government and industrial posts (from the Latin term nomenclature, â€Å"list of names†) 38. Okhrana: the Tsarist secret police 39: Oprichnik: Ivan the Terrible’s brutal bodyguards and henchmen 40. Prikaz: originally, a bureaucratic position; later, an administrative directive 41. Propiska: a Tsarist regulation requiring subjects to remain in their hometown 42. Rasputitsa: spring and fall periods in which, because of heavy snow or rain, unpaved roads are impassable (possibly related to the name of Rasputin) 43. Sambo: a form of martial arts 44. Silovik: the elite 45. Spetsnaz: special-forces soldiers 46. Tamizdat: prohibited literature produced outside the country 47. Tovarishch: a companion or fellow traveler; used as a direct form of address in the Soviet Union, equivalent to comrade 48. Ukase: a decree; refers specifically to a government proclamation or generically to an arbitrary command 49. Ushanka: a fur cap with ear flaps 50. Zek: an inmate Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Running Amok or Running Amuck?How Long Should a Synopsis Be?

E-learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-learning - Assignment Example Education is available all the time provided there is internet access and all the student need to do is to access the internet and start learning. Convenience is also achieved when using internet learning in that students do not have to be in a classroom to learn. E- Learning offers consistency in learning because students do not depend on different instructors. Relying on different instructors has the potential giving students different education depending on the financial capabilities or gender just to name a few factors, which may discriminate against poor students (SyberWorks, 2010). Educational material on internet learning is consistent irrespective of social class, and this minimizes inequality. Internet education offers a flexible way to learn depending on the requirements of students. This implies that that education is self-paced and the students can take time to understand the topics that are hard for them (Berman, 2006). Since the technology requires some skill, students as well as teachers have problems when uploading assignments and taking tests. Problems with internet and computer processing speeds are also obstacles that hinder use of internet learning. Proper education requires people to interact so that they can share feelings and information freely. Internet education lacks this personal touch to education and it can be a limiting factor to good education. Internet learning does not control the-learning environment hence chance of academic dishonesty is high. Class attendance is not necessary and absenteeism is prominent since irresponsible students have high probabilities of skipping classes. It is also not possible to tell who took a test and cheating is likely to occur, which is detrimental to education success. Some skills cannot be taught using internet learning since at times instructors are necessary so that they can influence necessary

Arena Chapel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Arena Chapel - Essay Example The collection and distribution of money in order to obtain a profit, or usuring, was a very serious sin during this time period. Scorvegni thus more than likely had the chapel made in order to atone for his father's crimes. This was a way for Scorvegni to regain his family's name and thus to cleanse himself of anything his father may have done in the past. This can best be displayed by Scorvegni's dedication of the chapel in part to Santa Maria del Carita de Arena, the Virgin of Chastity, to try and remove the greedy stamp that had been applied to the family. Furthermore, within the Chapel itself, the sin of usury can be viewed in several of the chapel's frescoes. Perhaps the most powerful vision of this present in the chapel is the picture of Judas accepting money to betray Christ. Another picture displaying this image depicts Christ banishing the Temple merchants, and the addition of the usurers being hanged in Hell from their money bags. Scorvegni thus made a serious attempt to l et others know that he did recognize the sins of his family as serious ones. Scrovegni's development of the chapel was meant to be viewed as a reflection of his piety, and his atonement for the sins of his father. He was also following in the footsteps of the practice of the time, for several wealthy merchants had chapels constructed within their palaces. This seems to present us with a bit of conflict of motivation for the chapel's creations, which is also reflected in some of the chapel's pictorials: Among the factors that relate specifically to Enrico Scrovegni are a possible desire to expiate his father's usury and at the same time to make his own expenditure conspicuous; an ambition for status combined with a fear of damnation; a desire, on the one hand, to be regarded as an ascetic devoted to the cult of the Virgin, and, on the other, to secure for himself a fitting property to serve as his personal monument. (Norman 92) It appears quite possible that the Chapel was consecrated on March 25, 1305, during the Feast of the Annunciation (Norman 92). The first reference to the Arena Chapel was discovered in the poem The Documents of Love composed by Barberino. The poem alludes to Envy which "Giotto painted excellently in the Arena at Padua." Envy is just one figure of sins and vices found on the walls of the chapel. The chapel is a very interesting composition that tells a story within the cycle of its frescos. The cycle of the pictures displays the story of the Life of the Virgin as well as the Life of Christ. The presentation of the Virgin's story seems highly significant since the chapel itself is dedicated to the Virgin. Another interesting part of the chapel's dedication is the area reserved for the Virgin of the Annunciation, which also helps to contribute to the Annunciation on the Chancel Arch. The frescos here represent the end of the story of the Virgin and the beginning of the story of Christ (Cole 98). The story starts on the higher level on the south wall, with Joachim and Anna, the parents of the Virgin. The story then progresses from east to west. Viewers first see the Expulsion of Joachim from the Temple and the finale of this occurrence, when Joachim and Anna discover each other at the Golden Gate.

Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Cross-Cultural Communication - Essay Example Some say relations come before work regardless of the situation, whereas other cultures may not agree with this point.   Individuals should profoundly understand the differences between cultures before starting work in any multicultural organization at the global level, which is constantly becoming more common business practice today (LeBaron). This article enhances that time and space should be the powerful and effective tool in cross-cultural communication. Time perceptions is about punctuality and willingness to wait, in addition the time impact on, people is also refer as the speediness of verbal communication that how long people are keen to listen. Time and space as referred in the article can make a great difference in terms of the future aspiration and productivity. Being a student, I have come across many people from different cultural backgrounds (LeBaron). I have noticed that students from the Far East are much more conscious about time, and they are always quick in terms of assignments submission, project activities and time management since they strongly believe â€Å"time is money†. While, students from Asia are known for procrastination in their work, Western students are relatively more punctual and follow deadlines because they consider time as money. The issues that are caused by such cultural differences with respect to time and space should be co-ordinated in group meetings (LeBaron). I suggest that in order to get away with the issues of multiculturalism in a group project as mentioned above, it is necessary to conduct a briefing session for all the members of the group. This will help in understanding the goal and dimension of the group work. In this way, members of the group will be able to refine their abilities and decide which task to work on. It is also recommended that members of the group are

Three perspectives of transgenderism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Three perspectives of transgenderism - Essay Example This essay "Human Sexuality" analyzes three perspectives of transgenderism on the basis of the William A Henkin's article. The biological perspective of sexuality brings to the fore, the physiology and anatomy. According to Denman Chess (2004), the above two disciplines decide the aspects of human sexual experience and they can be termed as sexual anatomy and physiology as well as evolutionary theory in the case of transgendered individuals. The sexual experiences in transgendered individuals are much more complex than normal gendered people as there is sex change in the person. Even the normal gender person’s categorization of sex is complex in biological perspective, it is more complex and conflicting in the case of transgendered individuals as chromosomal sex, hormonal status and internal sexual organs as well as external sexual organs change after the change of sex. According to biological perspective, the gender is determined by presence of chromosomes and presence only X chromosomes gives a female gender and presence of both X and Y chromosomes results in a male gender. Hence, in both male and female genders, the chromosome is present and Y is not present in female gender. In the above sense, the female gender dominates biologically and the effects of chromosomal make-up. However, the chromosomal sex has a social function that is a result of biological activities. The biological activities result in hormonal influences to determine the development of sexual activities and they are different in various males and females. That means, the sexual characteristics and the expression of male and female characteristics depend on the hormones released in the body of a person. For example, the genotypic males develop into externally phenotypic females due to constitutional insensitivity of the tissues. These developments can help in changing the gender of a person physically. The above aspect results in transgendered individuals. 1 The Psychological Perspective The transgendered individuals are result of transgendering, which is due to erasing, substituting, concealing and implying of gender and sexuality. Hence, transgendering can be termed as redefining and remake up of gender of a person. This results in psychological changes that is not a part of biological make up and needs counseling in some cases. Ekins Richard (2006) quotes that the gender change results in an atmosphere of new goals as the male and female thinking is different. Ekins Richard quotes Merton's theory of deviating from norms to serve his own interests can be observed in the transgendered individual. This results in a natural attitude that claims 'disinterested purpose' in case of transgendered ind

A Technical Proposal for Equipment and Software Essay

A Technical Proposal for Equipment and Software - Essay Example The acquisition of equipments and software for â€Å"Transformers Architectural Company† has a number of focuses with regard to individual Hardware and Software for use in the work. From every workers’ perspective, the employee will work from their individual own computers. This proposal paper aims at ascertaining the number of computers required in the organisation, the specification of every computer, application and software, as well as the internet connection. Further, the kind of communication facilities required by the architects and engineers working off-site will be tackled. A detailed budget report on the equipments acquisition and installation will be availed; the potential suppliers and their contacts will be provided for easier referrals. This will be a process aimed at development and enhancement of the working conditions of TAC towards effective coming up with outstanding architectural designs. Introduction TAC is an organisation with a staff of eleven emp loyees: the Chief Executive Officer, Finance Director, Sales Director, 4 Architects, 2 Administration and 2 Architectural Staffs, Engineers. With the transforming global technology, TAC has the objective of providing current and up to date equipment to make their practice more effective. With the provision of effective working computers, communication equipments and the relevant software, TAC will promote its working process and enhance its output. The effectiveness of work in any organization entails following up with the set guidelines and specified channels towards the realisation the desired outcome. The design principle in architecture shows that there are the guidelines that are in use, in architecture to organize and arrange events that take place during construction. The guidelines are made in a far more effective and efficient way with the use of computer application ascertained in this study. There are two workgroups at TAC identified with respect to this study. They inclu de executives, administrators and technical group. The executives will consist of the CEO, the directors and their administration assistants while the technical group constitutes the architects and engineers. With respect to the customer care services, the sales administration assistant will handle the practice with reference to the Sales Director and the Chief Executive. Therefore, the applications regarding the keeping of clients’ data and progress of work with respect to the engineers and architects will be carried out in this office. Thereby, the computer application with respect to this office will entail the use of Micro soft applications like Spreadsheets and Database mostly. The office of the finance director and the Chief Executive will entail determining the financial development and progress of the organization. This is with respect to looking for avenues of business by outsourcing probable clients’ financial solutions (Hill 2005). Further, advising them on the best methods of using their finances to acquire the best designs and, if under financial crises, on how to solve the crisis. Office Plan The office plan for TAC will constitute two departments: the technical and administrative department, all under the same CEO and Directors. There will be an office of the chief executive officer

Research on Target Corporation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Target Corporation - Research Paper Example Other than food items and household essentials, all merchandise categories found in physical stores are available for sale on the online shopping site. The credit card segment offers credit and debit cards under the â€Å"REDcards† brand to qualified customers. Currently there are three â€Å"REDcard† options: Target Visa and Target Card credit cards and Target Debit card (Target 10–K Part 1). Therefore, the company’s revenue model is on sales markups from retail sales and credit card fees and interest. In the retail segment, Target’s biggest competition is Wal-Mart and Costco. However, due to the broad category of merchandise that the company offers, all other forms of retail commerce are potentially competitors. Nevertheless, Target has been able to compete successfully by differentiating itself through a combination of price, merchandise assortment, convenience, customer service and marketing efforts. An example is how Target has deployed diffe rent store formats – CityTarget, SuperTarget, Target Greatland and Target stores – to capture different customer segments. ... Networking ensures that all Target stores are interlinked such that supply chain management is effectively managed to match consumer demand. This way the company can maximise on its mark-ups while it keeps its inventory costs at a minimum. On the other hand, CRM is vital for Target’s online business as it enables the company to perform customer analytics to improve targeting and customer segmentation. Order Fulfillment Process Analysis As an online shopping site, order fulfillment is a major process at target.com. In this study we selected the most straightforward way for making an online purchase at target.com as a new customer. Order fulfillment starts immediately after online shopper has selected the item he/she wants to buy. This item is added onto a virtual shopping cart. The first input in order processing is the item to be procured. Once an item is selected Target’s system checks if the item is available within its inventory. The output is immediately delivered w ith the publishing of either â€Å"in stock† or â€Å"not available†. When you add an item on the shopping cart, target.com opens a mini-window with three options: checkout, continue shopping and view and edit cart. The next input, strictly speaking, is the selection of any of these three options by the customer. The site always provides customer with the option of returning items to cart and continue shopping as one proceeds to checkout. The next set of inputs is customer shipping address, selecting form of payment and billing address. Repeat customers may opt to create an account with target.com, in which case they would not have to keep entering any of these three sets of data each time they want to make a

A Technical Proposal for Equipment and Software Essay

A Technical Proposal for Equipment and Software - Essay Example The acquisition of equipments and software for â€Å"Transformers Architectural Company† has a number of focuses with regard to individual Hardware and Software for use in the work. From every workers’ perspective, the employee will work from their individual own computers. This proposal paper aims at ascertaining the number of computers required in the organisation, the specification of every computer, application and software, as well as the internet connection. Further, the kind of communication facilities required by the architects and engineers working off-site will be tackled. A detailed budget report on the equipments acquisition and installation will be availed; the potential suppliers and their contacts will be provided for easier referrals. This will be a process aimed at development and enhancement of the working conditions of TAC towards effective coming up with outstanding architectural designs. Introduction TAC is an organisation with a staff of eleven emp loyees: the Chief Executive Officer, Finance Director, Sales Director, 4 Architects, 2 Administration and 2 Architectural Staffs, Engineers. With the transforming global technology, TAC has the objective of providing current and up to date equipment to make their practice more effective. With the provision of effective working computers, communication equipments and the relevant software, TAC will promote its working process and enhance its output. The effectiveness of work in any organization entails following up with the set guidelines and specified channels towards the realisation the desired outcome. The design principle in architecture shows that there are the guidelines that are in use, in architecture to organize and arrange events that take place during construction. The guidelines are made in a far more effective and efficient way with the use of computer application ascertained in this study. There are two workgroups at TAC identified with respect to this study. They inclu de executives, administrators and technical group. The executives will consist of the CEO, the directors and their administration assistants while the technical group constitutes the architects and engineers. With respect to the customer care services, the sales administration assistant will handle the practice with reference to the Sales Director and the Chief Executive. Therefore, the applications regarding the keeping of clients’ data and progress of work with respect to the engineers and architects will be carried out in this office. Thereby, the computer application with respect to this office will entail the use of Micro soft applications like Spreadsheets and Database mostly. The office of the finance director and the Chief Executive will entail determining the financial development and progress of the organization. This is with respect to looking for avenues of business by outsourcing probable clients’ financial solutions (Hill 2005). Further, advising them on the best methods of using their finances to acquire the best designs and, if under financial crises, on how to solve the crisis. Office Plan The office plan for TAC will constitute two departments: the technical and administrative department, all under the same CEO and Directors. There will be an office of the chief executive officer

Mental and Physical Abuse of Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Research Paper

Mental and Physical Abuse of Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Children - Research Paper Example The method of data analysis used in the study is the deductive data analysis method. This method is appropriate considering that it is straight to the point and that it saves a lot of time during data analysis. With the adoption of the study, children will have a higher probability of getting treated appropriately and more effectively. Cases of physical and sexual abuse will be minimal and hence ensuring that they receive the rights that they are entitled. They will realize better health care as they will be given all the attention they need from their parents and the community at large. Thus justifying why mentally retarded institutions for children should be abolished. The time for not institutionalizing mentally retarded student has come. Mentally retarded children exposed to severe conditions that worsen the fact that they have disabilities. The harsh conditions they face at institutions make life for them unbearable. This arises from the fact that institutions are under budgeted , under staffed, poor services offered at the institutions, and that they are exposed to physical and sexual abuse (Lillis, 1997). New types of amenities must be built, based on the existing knowledge of the potential in developmental of the mentally retarded institutions. ... In this study, it is highlighted why institutionalizing of mentally retarded children should be dealt away with. Retarded children get exposed to harsh conditions that worsen their situation; they do not get the necessary attention that they require since managing many retarded children is quite a task (Tizard, 1994). The study was done in a number of mentally retarded children institutions with the aim of highlighting the challenges that they face at these institutions, their living conditions at the institutions and the various ways in which they can be helped. The study aims at proving why removing mentally retarded students from this institution will be a plus for the mentally retarded children (Thompson & Brown, 1997). This study will contribute important knowledge in essence that it will highlight the plights of the mentally retarded children and expose the challenges that they face at institutions. It will vividly show why removing mentally retarded children from the instituti ons has a higher probability of them getting treated well and appropriately. The study reveal that families are bound to show more care to their mentally retarded children as compared to institutions, considering that institutions deal with a lot of children and managing all of them to ensure that they have the best conditions is not an easy task. The experimental design used was the Group, Post-test Comparison, reason being that this design offers randomization. The post-test comparison using randomized subjects controls aimed at the key effects of history of the institutions, pre-testing, and maturation; and that the design can be stretched to comprise more than two institutions if essential. The sampling design used in this research is the clustered